Attack overview DNS¶

1. Compromise BGPsec Validation [OR]

    1.1 Exploit Cryptographic Weaknesses [OR]
    
        1.1.1 Algorithm Vulnerabilities [OR]
            1.1.1.1 ECDSA with biased nonces (key recovery)
            1.1.1.2 RSA with weak key generation (ROBOT-style)
            1.1.1.3 Hash function collisions (SHA-1/256 issues)
            
        1.1.2 Implementation Flaws [OR]
            1.1.2.1 Non-constant-time implementations (timing attacks)
            1.1.2.2 Memory corruption in crypto libraries (CVE-2022-3602)
            1.1.2.3 Side-channel leaks (Minerva, Power analysis)
            
        1.1.3 Post-Quantum Threats [OR]
            1.1.3.1 Harvest now, decrypt later (quantum harvesting)
            1.1.3.2 Weak hybrid transition implementations
            1.1.3.3 Shor's algorithm preparation attacks

    1.2 Key Management Compromise [OR]
    
        1.2.1 Private Key Theft [OR]
            1.2.1.1 HSM vulnerabilities (CVE-2021-XXX)
            1.2.1.2 Supply chain backdoors in key generation
            1.2.1.3 Cloud HSM misconfigurations
            
        1.2.2 Key Rotation Failures [OR]
            1.2.2.1 Delayed key revocation propagation
            1.2.2.2 Weak key rotation policies
            1.2.2.3 Compromised key history retention
            
        1.2.3 Certificate Validation Bypass [OR]
            1.2.3.1 Rogue CA compromise for BGPsec certificates
            1.2.3.2 Certificate transparency log poisoning
            1.2.3.3 Trust anchor manipulation

    1.3 Protocol Implementation Attacks [OR]
    
        1.3.1 BGPsec Stack Vulnerabilities [OR]
            1.3.1.1 Memory corruption in BGPsec implementations
            1.3.1.2 Resource exhaustion attacks
            1.3.1.3 Parser differential attacks
            
        1.3.2 Validation Bypass [OR]
            1.3.2.1 Signature verification short-circuiting
            1.3.2.2 Cache poisoning attacks
            1.3.2.3 Time-of-check-time-of-use (TOCTOU) flaws
            
        1.3.3 Downgrade Attacks [OR]
            1.3.3.1 BGPsec capability negotiation manipulation
            1.3.3.2 Fallback to unsigned BGP sessions
            1.3.3.3 Version negotiation exploits

2. Attack BGPsec Infrastructure [OR]

    2.1 Trust Anchor Compromise [OR]
    
        2.1.1 Trust Distribution Attacks [OR]
            2.1.1.1 Malicious TAL (Trust Anchor Locator) distribution
            2.1.1.2 Package mirror compromise for validator software
            2.1.1.3 DNS poisoning for trust anchor retrieval
            
        2.1.2 Anchor Maintenance Exploits [OR]
            2.1.2.1 Delayed anchor revocation propagation
            2.1.2.2 Weak anchor rotation procedures
            2.1.2.3 Historical anchor abuse
            
        2.1.3 Cross-Protocol Trust Collisions [OR]
            2.1.3.1 RPKI-BGPsec trust chain conflicts
            2.1.3.2 TLS-BGPsec certificate trust confusion
            2.1.3.3 Shared HSM compromise across protocols

    2.2 Validator Infrastructure Attacks [OR]
    
        2.2.1 Software Vulnerabilities [OR]
            2.2.1.1 Memory safety issues in validators (Rust/C++)
            2.2.1.2 Logic flaws in path validation
            2.2.1.3 Denial-of-service through resource exhaustion
            
        2.2.2 Cache Poisoning [OR]
            2.2.2.1 Stale data attacks during sync intervals
            2.2.2.2 MITM attacks on validator-to-repository communication
            2.2.2.3 Repository compromise with malicious data
            
        2.2.3 Configuration Manipulation [OR]
            2.2.3.1 Admin interface compromises
            2.2.3.2 Misconfigured trust boundaries
            2.2.3.3 Weak access controls on validator systems

    2.3 Network Infrastructure Targeting [OR]
    
        2.3.1 Routing Table Poisoning [OR]
            2.3.1.1 Injection of malicious BGPsec paths
            2.3.1.2 Withdrawal of valid BGPsec routes
            2.3.1.3 Route flap attacks with signed updates
            
        2.3.2 Peer Session Compromise [OR]
            2.3.2.1 TCP-AO/MD5 bypass for BGP sessions
            2.3.2.2 Session reset attacks during key rotation
            2.3.2.3 MITM on BGPsec peer connections
            
        2.3.3 Resource Exhaustion [OR]
            2.3.3.1 CPU exhaustion through complex signature validation
            2.3.3.2 Memory exhaustion via large BGPsec updates
            2.3.3.3 Storage exhaustion from key history retention

3. Exploit Operational Weaknesses [OR]

    3.1 Partial Deployment Exploitation [OR]
    
        3.1.1 Validation Gap Attacks [OR]
            3.1.1.1 Route leaks through non-BGPsec ASes
            3.1.1.2 Mixed validation policy exploitation
            3.1.1.3 Border router misconfiguration
            
        3.1.2 Policy Inconsistency [OR]
            3.1.2.1 Differing local validation policies
            3.1.2.2 Conflict between RPKI and BGPsec validation
            3.1.2.3 Graceful restart compatibility issues
            
        3.1.3 Transition Period Attacks [OR]
            3.1.3.1 Exploitation during protocol migration
            3.1.3.2 Backward compatibility weaknesses
            3.1.3.3 Dual-stack (IPv4/IPv6) implementation gaps

    3.2 Human Factor Exploitation [OR]
    
        3.2.1 Social Engineering [OR]
            3.2.1.1 Operator credential theft
            3.2.1.2 Fake security alert social engineering
            3.2.1.3 Supply chain impersonation attacks
            
        3.2.2 Configuration Errors [OR]
            3.2.2.1 Weak signature policy configuration
            3.2.2.2 Incorrect trust anchor deployment
            3.2.2.3 Key management policy mistakes
            
        3.2.3 Monitoring Gaps [OR]
            3.2.3.1 Delayed attack detection
            3.2.3.2 False sense of security from partial deployment
            3.2.3.3 Lack of BGPsec-specific monitoring

    3.3 Economic and Coordination Attacks [OR]
    
        3.3.1 Resource Asymmetry Exploitation [OR]
            3.3.1.1 CPU-intensive signature attacks on smaller ASes
            3.3.1.2 Storage exhaustion through key history attacks
            3.3.1.3 Bandwidth consumption via BGPsec update floods
            
        3.3.2 Governance Attacks [OR]
            3.3.2.1 Policy registry manipulation
            3.3.2.2 Standards body influence operations
            3.3.2.3 Certification authority lobbying
            
        3.3.3 Timing and Persistence [OR]
            3.3.3.1 Long-term key compromise persistence
            3.3.3.2 Attack synchronization across multiple ASes
            3.3.3.3 Holiday/weekend attack timing

4. Cross-Protocol Attack Vectors [OR]

    4.1 RPKI-BGPsec Integration Attacks [OR]
    
        4.1.1 Validation Conflict Exploitation [OR]
            4.1.1.1 RPKI-valid but BGPsec-invalid route injection
            4.1.1.2 BGPsec-valid but RPKI-invalid path propagation
            4.1.1.3 Unknown state handling discrepancies
            
        4.1.2 Timing Attack Coordination [OR]
            4.1.2.1 Different cache TTL exploitation
            4.1.2.2 Revocation propagation timing gaps
            4.1.2.3 Validation frequency mismatches
            
        4.1.3 Trust Chain Collisions [OR]
            4.1.3.1 Shared CA compromise effects
            4.1.3.2 Different crypto algorithm support
            4.1.3.3 Protocol version compatibility issues

    4.2 TLS-BGPsec Attack Chains [OR]
    
        4.2.1 Certificate Trust Exploitation [OR]
            4.2.1.1 Cross-protocol certificate reuse attacks
            4.2.1.2 CA compromise affecting both TLS and BGPsec
            4.2.1.3 Validation policy conflict exploitation
            
        4.2.2 Session Handling Attacks [OR]
            4.2.2.1 TLS session compromise affecting BGPsec
            4.2.2.2 BGPsec key exposure affecting TLS sessions
            4.2.2.3 Cross-protocol side-channel attacks
            
        4.2.3 Implementation Shared Code [OR]
            4.2.3.1 Common crypto library vulnerabilities
            4.2.3.2 Shared memory safety issues
            4.2.3.3 Cross-protocol resource exhaustion

    4.3 Network Layer Integration Attacks [OR]
    
        4.3.1 IP Layer Exploitation [OR]
            4.3.1.1 Fragmentation attacks affecting BGPsec
            4.3.1.2 TTL-based attacks on validation
            4.3.1.3 DSCP priority manipulation
            
        4.3.2 Transport Layer Attacks [OR]
            4.3.2.1 TCP session manipulation affecting BGPsec
            4.3.2.2 QUIC protocol interaction issues
            4.3.2.3 UDP-based amplification attacks
            
        4.3.3 Application Layer Integration [OR]
            4.3.3.1 HTTP-based validator API attacks
            4.3.3.2 DNS dependencies for trust anchor resolution
            4.3.3.3 NTP timing attacks on signature validation

5. Advanced Persistent Threat Techniques [OR]

    5.1 Long-Term Key Compromise [OR]
    
        5.1.1 Supply Chain Attacks [OR]
            5.1.1.1 Hardware backdoors in crypto accelerators
            5.1.1.2 Compromised software distributions
            5.1.1.3 Malicious contributor code injections
            
        5.1.2 Key Generation Weaknesses [OR]
            5.1.2.1 Weak entropy sources during key generation
            5.1.2.2 Algorithm-specific bias introduction
            5.1.2.3 Compromised random number generators
            
        5.1.3 Key Storage Compromise [OR]
            5.1.3.1 Cold storage extraction techniques
            5.1.3.2 Cloud HSM configuration breaches
            5.1.3.3 Multi-party computation failures

    5.2 Stealthy Validation Manipulation [OR]
    
        5.2.1 Low-and-Slow Attacks [OR]
            5.2.1.1 Subtle signature validation corruption
            5.2.1.2 Gradual trust anchor manipulation
            5.2.1.3 Incremental policy modification
            
        5.2.2 False Flag Operations [OR]
            5.2.2.1 Attribution obfuscation through intermediate ASes
            5.2.2.2 Victim fingerprint spoofing
            5.2.2.3 Third-party tool exploitation
            
        5.2.3 Persistence Mechanisms [OR]
            5.2.3.1 Reinfection capabilities
            5.2.3.2 Multiple compromise vectors
            5.2.3.3 Anti-forensic techniques

    5.3 AI-Enhanced BGPsec Attacks [OR]
    
        5.3.1 Machine Learning Exploitation [OR]
            5.3.1.1 AI-generated optimal attack timing
            5.3.1.2 Neural network-based evasion patterns
            5.3.1.3 Reinforcement learning for policy exploitation
            
        5.3.2 Automated Vulnerability Discovery [OR]
            5.3.2.1 AI-assisted fuzz testing for BGPsec
            5.3.2.2 Machine learning for side-channel detection
            5.3.2.3 Automated exploit generation
            
        5.3.3 Adaptive Attack Systems [OR]
            5.3.3.1 Self-modifying attack code
            5.3.3.2 Dynamic protocol manipulation
            5.3.3.3 Intelligent countermeasure evasion